Why Free Evolution Is The Next Big Obsession

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Free evolution is the notion that natural processes can cause organisms to develop over time. This includes the appearance and growth of new species.

This is evident in many examples such as the stickleback fish species that can live in fresh or saltwater and walking stick insect species that have a preference for particular host plants. These typically reversible traits do not explain the fundamental changes in the body's basic plans.

Evolution through Natural Selection

Scientists have been fascinated by the evolution of all living organisms that inhabit our planet for centuries. Charles Darwin's natural selection theory is the best-established explanation. This happens when those who are better adapted survive and reproduce more than those who are less well-adapted. Over time, the population of well-adapted individuals grows and eventually creates an entirely new species.

Natural selection is an ongoing process and involves the interaction of 3 factors including reproduction, variation and inheritance. Sexual reproduction and mutations increase the genetic diversity of a species. Inheritance refers the transmission of genetic characteristics, which includes recessive and dominant genes and their offspring. Reproduction is the process of generating viable, fertile offspring. This can be accomplished through sexual or asexual methods.

All of these elements have to be in equilibrium to allow natural selection to take place. If, for example an allele of a dominant gene causes an organism reproduce and last longer than the recessive gene then the dominant allele will become more common in a population. But if the allele confers an unfavorable survival advantage or decreases fertility, it will disappear from the population. The process is self-reinforcing, meaning that a species with a beneficial characteristic is more likely to survive and reproduce than one with an inadaptive characteristic. The more fit an organism is, measured by its ability reproduce and survive, is the greater number of offspring it can produce. Individuals with favorable traits, such as having a longer neck in giraffes or bright white colors in male peacocks are more likely to survive and have offspring, so they will become the majority of the population over time.

Natural selection is an element in the population and not on individuals. This is an important distinction from the Lamarckian theory of evolution which claims that animals acquire characteristics through use or neglect. If a giraffe expands its neck to catch prey and its neck gets longer, then its children will inherit this characteristic. The differences in neck size between generations will increase until the giraffe becomes unable to breed with other giraffes.

Evolution by Genetic Drift

In genetic drift, the alleles at a gene may be at different frequencies in a group by chance events. At some point, one will attain fixation (become so common that it cannot be eliminated by natural selection) and other alleles fall to lower frequencies. This can lead to a dominant allele in extreme. The other alleles are eliminated, and heterozygosity falls to zero. In a small number of people it could result in the complete elimination the recessive gene. This is known as a bottleneck effect and it is typical of the kind of evolutionary process that takes place when a lot of people migrate to form a new population.

A phenotypic bottleneck may occur when the survivors of a catastrophe such as an epidemic or a massive hunt, are confined in a limited area. The survivors will have an dominant allele, and will have the same phenotype. This could be caused by war, earthquakes or even a plague. Regardless of the cause, the genetically distinct population that remains is prone to genetic drift.

Walsh Lewens, Lewens, and Ariew employ a "purely outcome-oriented" definition of drift as any departure from expected values for variations in fitness. They cite the famous example of twins that are genetically identical and have exactly the same phenotype, but one is struck by lightning and dies, while the other is able to reproduce.

This kind of drift can play a significant role in the evolution of an organism. It's not the only method for evolution. Natural selection is the primary alternative, in which mutations and migrations maintain phenotypic diversity within the population.

Stephens claims that there is a huge difference between treating drift like an actual cause or force, and treating other causes like migration and selection mutation as forces and causes. He argues that a causal process account of drift allows us to distinguish it from the other forces, and that this distinction is crucial. He further argues that drift has a direction, that is it tends to reduce heterozygosity. He also claims that it also has a magnitude, which is determined by population size.

Evolution through Lamarckism

Biology students in high school are often introduced to Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's (1744-1829) work. His theory of evolution is generally referred to as "Lamarckism" and it asserts that simple organisms evolve into more complex organisms through the inheritance of characteristics that result from an organism's natural activities use and misuse. Lamarckism is typically illustrated by an image of a giraffe extending its neck further to reach the higher branches in the trees. This process would result in giraffes passing on their longer necks to their offspring, which then grow even taller.

Lamarck was a French Zoologist. In his opening lecture for his course on invertebrate zoology held at the Museum of Natural History in Paris on 17 May 1802, he presented an original idea that fundamentally challenged the conventional wisdom about organic transformation. According to Lamarck, living things evolved from inanimate material through a series of gradual steps. Lamarck wasn't the first to propose this however he was widely thought of as the first to give the subject a thorough and general overview.

The dominant story is that Charles Darwin's theory on natural selection and Lamarckism fought in the 19th century. Darwinism eventually prevailed which led to what biologists call the Modern Synthesis. This theory denies that traits acquired through evolution can be inherited and instead argues that organisms evolve through the selective action of environmental factors, including natural selection.

Lamarck and his contemporaries believed in the idea that acquired characters could be passed down to future generations. However, this concept was never a key element of any of their evolutionary theories. This is largely due to the fact that it was never validated scientifically.

However, it has been more than 200 years since Lamarck was born and in the age of genomics there is a vast amount of evidence that supports the possibility of inheritance of acquired traits. This is also known as "neo Lamarckism", or more commonly epigenetic inheritance. It is a variant of evolution that is as valid as the more popular Neo-Darwinian model.

Evolution through adaptation

One of the most common misconceptions about evolution is that it is driven by a type of struggle for survival. In reality, this notion misrepresents natural selection and ignores the other forces that drive evolution. The fight for survival can be more precisely described as a fight to survive within a specific environment, which could include not just other organisms but also the physical environment itself.

Understanding how adaptation works is essential to comprehend evolution. The term "adaptation" refers to any characteristic that allows living organisms to live in its environment and reproduce. It could be a physiological structure, such as fur or feathers or a behavior like moving into the shade in hot weather or stepping out at night to avoid the cold.

The capacity of an organism to draw energy from its surroundings and interact with other organisms and their physical environments, is crucial to its survival. The organism needs to have the right genes to produce offspring, and must be able to access enough food and other resources. Moreover, the organism must be capable of reproducing itself at a high rate within its niche.

These factors, together with gene flow and mutations can result in an alteration in the ratio of different alleles in a population’s gene pool. This change in allele frequency can lead to the emergence of new traits, and eventually, new species in the course of time.

Many of the characteristics we find appealing in animals and plants are adaptations. For  에볼루션 바카라 사이트  or gills that extract oxygen from the air, fur and feathers as insulation and long legs to get away from predators, and camouflage to hide. However, a complete understanding of adaptation requires paying attention to the distinction between physiological and behavioral traits.

Physiological adaptations, like thick fur or gills are physical traits, while behavioral adaptations, such as the tendency to search for companions or to move into the shade in hot weather, are not. It is important to note that insufficient planning does not make an adaptation. In fact, failure to consider the consequences of a choice can render it unadaptable despite the fact that it appears to be sensible or even necessary.